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The discursive legitimation of new ideas : emergence and diffusion of the industrial research laboratory in the United States, 1870-1930 / submitted by David M. Pithan. Wuppertal, February 2019
Content
List of Abbreviations
Illustrations
Figures
Tables
1) Introduction
2) Theory
2.1) Diffusion of Innovations
What a Diffusion Perspective Can Add
Translating Ideas to Make them Fit
2.2) Idea Translation in Organizational Fields
Of Organizational Fields and Institutions
From Institutions to Isomorphism
2.3) Making the Case for Discourse
What Discourse is, and What it is Not
Towards an Operationalization of Discourse
2.4) The Gist of It
3) The Innovation: Industrial Research Laboratory
3.1) Where It Originated From
3.2) How it Proliferated
The Problem with Mapping R&D Growth
Sketching the Growth of Industrial Research Laboratories
Laboratories and Their Parent Companies
Staff, Scientific Disciplines, and Expenditures
The Decline of the Independent Inventor
3.3) The Research Pioneers
1900: General Electric
The Electrical Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century and the Birth of GE
Pushing for Change: Establishing the Laboratory
The First Decades of the General Electric Research Laboratory
1902: Du Pont
The Field of Chemistry and Du Pont's Organizational Antecedents
Establishing the Laboratories
From World War I to “Fundamental Research”: The Laboratories' Early Decades
1907: AT&T
Bell Telephone and the Business of Telephony
Establishing the Laboratory
Bell Labs: The “Idea Factory”
1912: Eastman Kodak
George Eastman, Kodak and the History of Photography
The Birth of the Kodak Research Laboratories
Mees' Laboratory over the Years
General Themes & Concepts
3.4) Preliminary Findings from the Research Pioneers
General Explanatory Notions
The Role of Agency
The Move Towards Science
The Status of the Pioneers
4) The Organizational Field: US Chemistry, 1870-1930
4.1) Chemistry as Academic Science: Scientific Societies, Journals, and Chemical Education
Scientific Societies and Related Organizations
Chemical Journals
Chemistry in Higher Education
4.2) Chemistry in Industry: Companies, Products, and Processes
The Development of the Chemical Industry
Employment Trends of Chemists in Industry
Trade Associations and Other Organizations in the Chemical Industry
4.3) Chemistry and Politics: World War I, Boosterism and the New Landscape of Federal Support for Science
Chemists in Federal Employment
The Effects of World War I
Industrialization
Militarization
Nationalization
Politicization
Popularization
5) Capturing the Discourse about Industrial Research in US Chemistry, 1870 – 1930
5.1) Methodological Considerations
How to Capture Discourse & Where to Start
From Field to Speaker
From Speaker to Corpus
5.2) Dataset Overview
Popular Journals
General Science Journals
Chemistry Journals
Industrial Journals
Governmental Journals
5.3) An Event-Based Analysis
Events as Focal Points in Discourse
Texts as a Unit of Analysis
5.4) On Quality Control in Discourse Analysis
Challenges to Conventional Approaches to Quality Control
Four Criteria for Quality Control in Discourse Analysis
6) Analyzing the Discourse
6.1) Interdiscursivity
Specialization
Conservation Movement
Efficiency
Research Landscape
Preparedness
Popularization
Legislation
Postwar Normalcy
Chemical Education
6.2) Concepts
Concepts, 1: Science, Research, and Industrial Research
From Science to Research
From Research to Industrial Research
Concepts, 2: Chemistry
The Utility of Chemistry
Taking a Step Back: Science, Research, and Chemistry in the History of Science
6.3) Objects
Objects: The Laboratory
The Laboratory as Birthplace of Facts & Place of the Scientific Method
The Why and Who of Laboratories
Scale and Scope: Laboratory Relations and Types
Taking a Step Back: The Laboratory in the History and Sociology of Science
6.4) Subject Positions
Subjects, 1: The Chemist
The Chemist as Man of Science
Changing Conceptions of the Chemist over Time
Opposition and Constituencies over Time: Foremen, Managers, and the Public
Subjects, 2: The Chemical Engineer
Who is the Chemical Engineer? Between Engineering and Chemistry
From Conservation to Efficiency and the Laboratory
Taking a Step Back: Scientists and Chemists in the History and Sociology of Science
6.5) Summarizing Results
6.6) Ensuring Quality in the Analysis of the Industrial Research Laboratory
7) Discussion & Conclusions
7.1) Summary
The Industrial Research Laboratory as Seen through Discourse
7.2) Discussion
Implications for the Diffusion of Innovations, Sociology of Organizations, and History of Science
Recontextualizing Diffusion
Organizations as Texts
Social Science
7.3) Research Desiderata
Three Questions
Three Desiderata
References
Archival Sources
Discourse Analysis Corpus
Declaration of Authorship