The discursive legitimation of new ideas : emergence and diffusion of the industrial research laboratory in the United States, 1870-1930 / submitted by David M. Pithan. Wuppertal, February 2019
Content
- List of Abbreviations
- Illustrations
- 1) Introduction
- 2) Theory
- 2.1) Diffusion of Innovations
- 2.2) Idea Translation in Organizational Fields
- 2.3) Making the Case for Discourse
- 2.4) The Gist of It
- 3) The Innovation: Industrial Research Laboratory
- 3.1) Where It Originated From
- 3.2) How it Proliferated
- 3.3) The Research Pioneers
- 1900: General Electric
- The Electrical Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century and the Birth of GE
- Pushing for Change: Establishing the Laboratory
- The First Decades of the General Electric Research Laboratory
- 1902: Du Pont
- The Field of Chemistry and Du Pont's Organizational Antecedents
- Establishing the Laboratories
- From World War I to “Fundamental Research”: The Laboratories' Early Decades
- 1907: AT&T
- Bell Telephone and the Business of Telephony
- Establishing the Laboratory
- Bell Labs: The “Idea Factory”
- 1912: Eastman Kodak
- George Eastman, Kodak and the History of Photography
- The Birth of the Kodak Research Laboratories
- Mees' Laboratory over the Years
- General Themes & Concepts
- 3.4) Preliminary Findings from the Research Pioneers
- 4) The Organizational Field: US Chemistry, 1870-1930
- 4.1) Chemistry as Academic Science: Scientific Societies, Journals, and Chemical Education
- 4.2) Chemistry in Industry: Companies, Products, and Processes
- The Development of the Chemical Industry
- Employment Trends of Chemists in Industry
- Trade Associations and Other Organizations in the Chemical Industry
- 4.3) Chemistry and Politics: World War I, Boosterism and the New Landscape of Federal Support for Science
- 5) Capturing the Discourse about Industrial Research in US Chemistry, 1870 – 1930
- 5.1) Methodological Considerations
- 5.2) Dataset Overview
- Popular Journals
- General Science Journals
- Chemistry Journals
- Industrial Journals
- Governmental Journals
- 5.3) An Event-Based Analysis
- 5.4) On Quality Control in Discourse Analysis
- 6) Analyzing the Discourse
- 6.1) Interdiscursivity
- Specialization
- Conservation Movement
- Efficiency
- Research Landscape
- Preparedness
- Popularization
- Legislation
- Postwar Normalcy
- Chemical Education
- 6.2) Concepts
- Concepts, 1: Science, Research, and Industrial Research
- Concepts, 2: Chemistry
- Taking a Step Back: Science, Research, and Chemistry in the History of Science
- 6.3) Objects
- Objects: The Laboratory
- The Laboratory as Birthplace of Facts & Place of the Scientific Method
- The Why and Who of Laboratories
- Scale and Scope: Laboratory Relations and Types
- Taking a Step Back: The Laboratory in the History and Sociology of Science
- 6.4) Subject Positions
- Subjects, 1: The Chemist
- The Chemist as Man of Science
- Changing Conceptions of the Chemist over Time
- Opposition and Constituencies over Time: Foremen, Managers, and the Public
- Subjects, 2: The Chemical Engineer
- Who is the Chemical Engineer? Between Engineering and Chemistry
- From Conservation to Efficiency and the Laboratory
- Taking a Step Back: Scientists and Chemists in the History and Sociology of Science
- 6.5) Summarizing Results
- 6.6) Ensuring Quality in the Analysis of the Industrial Research Laboratory
- 7) Discussion & Conclusions
- 7.1) Summary
- 7.2) Discussion
- 7.3) Research Desiderata
- References
- Declaration of Authorship