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Solar chimney power plant : a holistic approach to the improvement of the flow within the transition section / von Markus Günter Herbst (geb. Tschersich) aus Mülheim an der Ruhr. Wuppertal, April 2018
Content
Motivation
Renewable Energies - Green Technology
Solar Chimney Power Plant Technology
Objectives of this Study
I Fundamentals
Structural Aspects of a Solar Chimney Power Plant
Solar Collector
Structural System
Guide Vanes or Closing Walls at Outer Rim of the Solar Collector
Ground - Properties and (Pre-)Treatment
Turbines and Housing
Transition Section
Solar Chimney
Structural System
Column or Shell Concept
Spoke Wheels or Ring Stiffeners
Basics of Fluid Mechanics
Solar Collector Flow
Influence of Turbulence on Solar Collector Flow Field
Flow Field on Top of the Solar Collector Roof
Wind Fence at the Outer Rim of the Solar Collector
Flow Losses
Turbine Properties
Axial-Flow vs. Wind Turbine
Pressure Drop and Efficiency
Actuator Disc Method (ADM)
Pressure Jump Method (PJM)
Flow Losses
Transition Section
Resistance Coefficient of Diffusers
Resistance Coefficient of Curved Segments and Mixing of Flow Streams
Solar Chimney Tube Flow
Side Effects
Flow Losses
Free Jet Flow
Control and Synthetic Jets (Fluidic Actuator)
Increase of Mixing and Turbulence
Basics of Thermodynamic
Thermodynamic Aspects Between the Solar Collector and Soil Surface
Glass and Supporting Structure
Soil Characteristics
Heat Transfer at the Components of the Solar Collector
Temperature Boundary Layer
Turbines
Thermodynamics of Axial-Flow Turbines
Efficiency
Transition Section
Solar Chimney Tube Flow
Ways of Heat Transfer
Atmosphere Solar Collector Roof
Atmosphere Soil Surface
Solar Collector Roof Solar Collector Air
Solar Collector Roof Soil Surface
Solar Collector Air Soil Surface
Soil Surface Soil Interior
Further Ways of Heat Transfer
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Model Parameter
2D- or 3D-Model
Domain Properties
Boundary Conditions (Global and Local)
Modelling Parameter
Navier-Stokes Equations
Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)
Turbulence Modelling (k-, k-)
Radiation Model (S2S)
Shell Conduction Model
Computational Grid Parameter
Structured or Unstructured Grids
Grid Quality
Partitioning of Domain/Model
Solving Parameter
Verification and Validation
Best Practise Guideline
Errors and Uncertainties
II Pre-Investigation (Analytical - Experimental - Numerical)
Mathematical 1D-Model of a Solar Chimney Power Plant at Fullscale
Intention
Excel Solver
Input Parameter
Verification and Validation
Influence of Partitions of Solar Collector and Solar Chimney
Base Load of a Solar Chimney Power Plant
Physical Influence Parameters on Energy Output
Relative Humidity (RH)
Wind Pressure at Outer Rim of Solar Collector
Fresh Water Production
Altitude
Soil Parameters (Soil Heat Flux, Temperature)
Albedo
Minimal Temperature of Soil Underneath the Solar Collector
Results
Influence of Relative Humidity
Solar Collector Partitions
Solar Chimney Partitions
Soil Heat Flux
Minimal Soil Temperature
Conclusion
Wind Tunnel Studies at Stellenbosch, South Africa
Range of Simulations
2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
Volume/Mass Flow Measurements
Calibration
Analysis of PIV Data
Validation
Results
Conclusion
CFD Analysis of the Wind Tunnel Model from Stellenbosch
Model Set-Up, Main Parameters and Results
ANSYS Fluent
Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS)
Conclusion
Stationary 3D-CFD Model of the Prototype in Manzanares, Spain
Set-Up of the Numerical Model
Model With Cone in the Transition Section
Grid Independence Test
Results
Reference (A)
Without Installation and Without Radiation Model (B)
Without Installation and Without Shell Conduction Model (C)
Model With Installation (D)
Conclusion
Structural Model with Finite Elements
Model Parameters
Material Properties
Shape Profile of the Solar Chimney
Wall Thickness
Ring Stiffeners
Column vs. Shell Concept
Grid Sensitivity Analysis
Convergence
Verification - Eigenfrequency and Modular Shape
Symmetry
Load Cases
Dead Load
Wind Load
Results
Displacements
In-Plane Forces n22, n11 and n12
Ring Stiffener Forces
The Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
Displacements
Meridional Forces n22
Ring Stiffener Forces
Design Study for a Solar Chimney with Diffuser
Conclusion
III Improved Solar Chimney Power Plant Model
Wind Tunnel Studies at Bochum, Germany
Experimental Set-Up
Model Design and Parameters
Heat Source - Modelling of Buoyancy Effect
Redirecting Variants for the Transition Section
Extension of Turbine Opening
Local Redirection
Global Redirection
Windbreaker
Combination
Designed Variants
Asymmetric Inflow Conditions
Flow Barriers at the Periphery
Turbine Malfunction or During Phase of Construction or Maintenance
Measuring Devices
Results
Cylindrical Chimney (CC)
Diffuser Chimney (DC)
Conclusion
3D-CFD Analysis of the Wind Tunnel Model
Set-Up of the Numerical Model
Results
Conclusion
IV Final Remarks
Conclusion
Outlook
List of References
V Appendices
Former Research on the Solar Chimney Power Plant
Wind Tunnel Studies at Stellenbosch, South Africa
Wind Tunnel at Stellenbosch, SA
Wind Tunnel Models I and II
Measurement Equipment
Volume/Mass Flow Measurements
Pressure Measurements
Pitot Static Tube
PIV System
Calibration Data
Details of Measuring Equipment
Preliminary Tests
Results
CFD Analysis of the Wind Tunnel Model from Stellenbosch
Stationary 3D-CFD Model of the Prototype of Manzanares, Spain
Results for Configuration B
Results for Configuration C
Results for Configuration D
Derivation of Hyperbola Equation
Wind Tunnel Studies at Bochum, Germany
Wind Tunnel Model
Measuring Equipment
Pressure Transducers
Pitot-Static Tubes
Modelling of Turbine Influence
Material Properties
Results
Cylindrical Chimney (CC)
Diffuser Chimney (DC)
Fan Flow Simulation and Turbine Influence Modelling
Intention
High-Speed Camera Testing
Fan Model
Set-Up and Equipment of High-Speed Camera
Results
Basics of Axial Turbines
Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEM)
Blade Element Theory
Momentum Theory
The Concept of Fan Similarity
Turbine Layout
Inlet Guide Vane (IGV) Layout
Rotor Layout
Inflow and Outflow Condition
Conclusion
Design and Construction of a Solar Chimney Power Plant for Aswan, Egypt
Construction Site
Structural Model and Final Design
Monitoring and Measuring Devices