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Multivariate search for a directional excess of EeV photons with the Pierre Auger Observatory / Daniel Kümpel. 2011
Content
Introduction
Cosmic Rays
Introduction
Energy spectrum
Mass composition
Anisotropy
Origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
Top-down models
Bottom-up models
Possible sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
Cosmic ray propagation
Magnetic fields
Energy loss processes
Extensive Air Showers
Development of extensive air showers
Hadronic component
Electromagnetic component
Muonic component
Detection techniques
Surface arrays
Fluorescence detectors
Other detection mechanism
Pierre Auger Observatory
Surface detector
Fluorescence detector
Data acquisition and trigger
Calibration
Off line framework
Fluorescence geometry reconstruction
Hybrid geometry reconstruction
Energy determination
Ultra-High Energy Photons
Production and origin
Propagation
Flux expectations
Features of UHE photon showers
Detection and observables
Experimental status and prospects
Simulation of UHECR Particle Propagation
CRPropa framework
Nucleon interactions
Secondary electromagnetic cascades
Background photon spectra and their evolution
Interactions en route to Earth
Effect on observed spectra
GZK-horizon
GZK photon fluxes from Centaurus A
Summary
Simulation Study for Photon/Hadron Discrimination
CORSIKA production
Off line simulation and reconstruction
Observables for photon/hadron discrimination
FD observable: Depth of shower maximum
FD observable: Greisen 2
FD observable: Greisen energy / FD energy
SD observable: Sb
SD observable: Number of candidate stations
SD observable: Tank energy / FD energy
SD observable: Shape parameter
Particle Classification in a Multivariate Analysis
Boosted decision trees
Introduction
Description and implementation
Performance
Artificial neural networks
Introduction
Description and implementation
Performance
Fisher discriminants
Introduction
Description and implementation
Performance
Multivariate analysis workflow
Examination of the input data set
Testing multivariate analysis techniques for photon/hadron separation
Boosted decision trees
Artificial neural networks
Searching for the best classifier
Summary
Search for EeV Photons
Real data reconstruction
Hadron reduced data set
Energy dependence of the BDT response value
Probability density distribution of events
Towards sky maps
Signal density map
Calculation of the expected background density
Two-point correlation analysis
Combining signal and background maps
Enlargement of the hadron reduced data set
Galactic Center and Centaurus A region
Source upper limit on the photon fraction
Summary
Summary and Outlook
Steering CRPropa
Steering CORSIKA
Miscellaneous
Glossary and Abbreviations
Bibliography
Acknowledgement
Index