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Search for ultra-high-energy photons with the Pierre Auger Observatory / vorgelegt von Philipp Papenbreer. Wuppertal, 2.10.2020
Content
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
List of Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction
Cosmic Rays
Introduction
Energy Spectrum
Composition
Sources
Fermi Acceleration
Top-Down Models
Propagation at the Highest Energies
Air Showers
Hadronic Cascades
Electromagnetic Cascades
Hadronic Primary Air Showers
Photon Primary Air Showers
LPM Effect
Preshowers
Photonuclear Interactions
Properties of Photon Induced Air Showers
Current Upper Limits on the Photon Flux
Air Shower Simulation
High-Energy Hadronic Interaction Models
Preshower Simulation
The Thinning Procedure
The Pierre Auger Observatory
The Fluorescence Detector
The Surface Detector
Surface Detector Stations
Calibration of the Surface Detector
Surface Detector Triggers
Aperture and Exposure of the Surface Detector
Air Shower Reconstruction
Angular Reconstruction
Lateral Distribution Function (LDF)
Energy Reconstruction
The Offline Framework
Simulated Air Showers in Offline
Photon-Hadron Separation
LDF Method
Delta-Risetime Method
Other Photon Separation Parameters
Trigger Improvements
Current Trigger Performance
Trigger Improvement Goals
Efficiency Simulation
Purity Simulation
Afterpeak Feature
Physical Processes and Detector Geometry
Photoelectron Traces and Random Fluctuations
Results of the Afterpeak Study
Parameter Space Studies
Optimization Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo
Outlook
Improvement of the PMT Signal Quality
Event Pathologies
PMTs with Afterpulses
PMTs with Oscillating Baselines
PMTs with Large Decay Times
Filtering Procedures
Filter for Afterpulses
Filter for Oscillating Baselines
Filter for Large Decay Times
Performance of the Identification Procedures
Performance of the Afterpulse Filter
Performance of the Oscillation Filter
Performance of the Large Decay Time Filter
Summary of the Filtering Results and Expected Effects on Photon Analyses
Implementation in the Offline Framework
Search for Ultra-High-Energy Photons
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Photon Simulations
Data Set and Reconstruction
Preparation of Shower Dependent Photon Variables
Choice of a Photon Benchmark
Implementation in the Offline Framework
Photon Energy Reconstruction
Linear Transformation of the Photon Variables
Multivariate Photon Search
PCA Determination
Position of the Candidate Cut
PCA Results
Candidate Discussion
Photon Candidate Events
Tests of the Primary Nature of the Candidate Events
Arrival Directions of the Candidate Events
Efficiency Calculation
Trigger and Reconstruction Efficiency
Parameter Selection Efficiency
Candidate Cut Efficiency
Total Efficiency
Limit on the Diffuse Photon Flux and Fraction
Summary and Outlook
Appendix CORSIKA Simulation Settings
Appendix Offline ModuleSequences
Module Sequence for Photon Simulations
Module Sequence for Data
Appendix Additional Plots
Acknowledgment